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Simon bar Kokhba
Simon bar Kokhba ((ヘブライ語:שמעון בר כוכבא)) (died 135 CE) was the Jewish leader of what is known as the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE, establishing an independent Jewish state which he ruled for three years as ''Nasi'' ("Prince"). His state was conquered by the Romans in 135 following a two and half-year war.〔The 2nd century chronicler, Rabbi Yose b. Halpetha (Halafta), says in his work, ''Seder Olam'', chapter 30, that the wars waged by Ben Koziba (i.e. Bar Kokhba) lasted two and half years, although the siege on the Jewish stronghold, Betar, is said to have lasted three and a half years. See: Palestinian Talmud, Taanit 4:5 (24a) and Midrash Rabba (Lamentations Rabba 2:5).〕
==Name==
Documents discovered in the 20th century in the Cave of Letters give his original name, with variations: Simeon bar Kosevah ((ヘブライ語:שמעון בר כוסבה)), Bar Koseva () or Ben Koseva (). This may indicate his father or his place of origin was named Kosevah.〔For the latter, Khirbat Kuwayzibah has been suggested. See Additionally, 〕
The Jewish sage Rabbi Akiva indulged the possibility that Simon could be the Jewish messiah, and gave him the surname "Bar Kokhba" meaning "Son of the Star" in Aramaic, from the Star Prophecy verse from Numbers : "There shall come a star out of Jacob".〔: There shall come a star out of Jacob, and a sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth.〕 The name Bar Kokhba does not appear in the Talmud but in ecclesiastical sources. Rabbinical writers subsequent to Rabbi Akiva did not share Rabbi Akiva's estimation of ben Kosiva. Akiva's disciple, Yose ben Halaphta, in the Seder 'Olam (chapter 30) called him "bar Koziba" ((ヘブライ語:בר כוזיבא)), meaning, "son of the lie".〔The standard lexicon of rabbinic Hebrew and Aramaic is Marcus Jastrow, ''A Dictionary of the Targumim, The Talmud Babli and Yershalmi, and the Midrashic Literature'' (New York/Berlin: Verlag Choreb and London: Shapiro Valentine & Co. 1926). The only meaning given for the Aramaic word ''Kazab'' in Jastrow is "falsehood", and all examples cited by Jastrow from rabbinic literature have the meaning of lie, deception, or falsehood. In modern Hebrew, the usual meaning of ''kazab'' is "lie", although it can also take the meaning of "disappointment." But any attempt to translate "bar Kozeba" as "son of the disappointment" would be forcing a meaning from a modern language onto a similar word in a different language and from a different millennium.〕 The judgment of Bar Koseba that is implied by this change of name was carried on by later rabbinic scholarship at least to the time of the codification of the Talmudim, where the name is always rendered "Simon bar Koziba" () or Bar Kozevah ().
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